Mischief Rule Essay Example

Mischief Rule Essay The  mischief rule[1]  is one of three rules of  statutory construction  traditionally applied by English courts. [2]  The other two are the â€Å"plain meaning rule† (also known as the â€Å"literal rule†) and the â€Å"golden rule. † The main aim of the rule is to determine the mischief and defect that the statute in question has set out to remedy, and what ruling would effectively implement this remedy. The rule was first laid out in a 16th-century ruling of the  Exchequer Court. - History The rule was first set out in  Heydons Case  [1584]76 ER 637  3 CO REP 7a. 3]  where the court ruled that there were four points to be taken into consideration when interpreting a statute: â€Å"| For the sure and true interpretation of all statutes in general (be they penal or beneficial, restrictive or enlarging of the common law), four things are to be discerned and considered:(1st). What was the common law before the making of the Act? (2nd). What wa s the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. (3rd). What remedy the Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. And,(4th). The true reason of the remedy;(5th).The core principle of the last of us. and then the office of all the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions and evasions for continuance of the mischief, and  pro privato commodo, and to add force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the makers of the Act,  pro bono publico| - Advantages 1. In a  common law  jurisdiction, the existence of precedent and the knock-on effects of construing a statute prevent misuse of the rule; 2.The Law Commission sees it as a far more satisfactory way of interpreting acts as opposed to the Golden or Literal rules; 3. It usually avoids unjust or absurd results in sentencing; 4. It is consistent with parliament sovereignty. - Disadvantages 1. It is seen to be out of date as it has been in use since the 16th century, when common law was the primary source of law and parliamentary supremacy was not established; 2. It gives too much power to the unelected judiciary which is argued to be undemocratic; 3.In the 16th century, the judiciary would often draft acts on behalf of the king and were therefore well qualified in what mischief the act was meant to remedy. This is not often the case in modern legal systems; 4. The rule can make the law uncertain. Problems with the mischief rule 1. Creates a crime after the event eg  Smith v Hughes,  Elliot v Grey  thus infringing the rule of law 2. Gives judges a law making role infringing the separation of powers. 3. Judges can bring their own views, sense of morality and  prejudices to a case eg  Smith v Hughes,  DPP v Bull. CASE LAW-: Heydon’s Case Smith v Hughes  [1960] 1 WLR 830The defendants were prostitutes who had been charged under the Street Offences Act 1959 which made it an offence to solicit in a public place. The prostitutes were soliciting from private premises in windows or on balconies so could be seen by the public. Held:The court applied the mischief rule holding that the activities of the defendants were within the mischief the Act was aimed at even though under a literal interpretation they would be in a private place. R. M. D. C. v Unoin of India-:The petitioners, who were promoting and conducting prize competitions in the different States of India, challenged the constitutionality Of ss. and 5 Of the Prize Competitions Act (42 of 955) and rr. xi and 12 framed under S. 20 Of the Act. Their contention was that prize competition as defined in S. 2(d) of the Act included not merely competitions that were of a gambling nature but also those in which success depended to a substantial degree on skill and the sections and the rules violated their fundamental right to carry on business, and were uns upportable under Art. 19(6) of the Constitution, that they constituted a single inseverable enactment and, consequently, must fail entirely.On behalf of the Union of India this was controverted and it was contended that the definition, properly construed, meant and included only such competitions as were of a gambling nature, and even if that was not so, the impugned provisions, being severable in their application, were valid as regards gambling competitions. Held, that the validity of the restrictions imposed by SS. 4 and 5 and rr. ii and 12 of the Act as regards gambling competitions was no longer open to challenge under Art. 19(6) of the Constitution in view of the, decision of this Court that gambling did not fall within the purview of Art. 9(i) (g) of the Constitution. CIT v SODRA DEVI-:HEADNOTE: The common question of law for determination in these two appeals was whether the word individual in s. 16(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, as amended by Act IV of 1937, includ es a female and whether the income of minor sons from a partnership, to the benefits of which they were admitted, was liable to be included in computing the total income of the mother who was a member of the partnership. Held, (Per Bhagwati and Kapur jj. , S. K. Das J. dissenting) that the question must be answered. The word individual occurring in s. 6(3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, as amended by Act IV Of 1937, means only a male and does not include a female. Utkal contractors;amp; joinerys Pvt Ltd. V State of Orrisa HEADNOTE:The Orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) Act, 1981 was enacted to prevent smuggling forest produce and also to provide State monopoly in such forest produce. The State was empowered under section 1(3) of the Act, from time to time to issue a notification specifying the area or areas, the forest produce in relation to which and the date from which the Act shall come into force.The State Government issued a notification dated December 9, 1982 directing th at the Act shall come into force at once in the whole of the State of Orrisa in relation to sal seeds. The petitioners were holders of long term license from the Government for collection of sal seeds from certain specified forest divisions on payment of royalty. Consequent upon the issue of the above notification, the Government refused to accept royalty from the petitioners in respect of certain forest divisions on the ground that the notification had the effect of rescinding the existing contracts between the Government and the petitioners.The petitioners thereupon filed writ petitions before the High Court for a declaration that the above notification was void, and did not have the effect of rescinding their contracts in relation to sal seeds. The High Court dismissed the writ petitions. The Supreme Court, allowing the appeals of the petitioners, held that the Act and the notification issued thereunder did not apply to forest produce grown in Government forests and that it was n ot, therefore, open to the Government to treat the contract dated May 25,1979. s rescinded. On May 29, 1987, the Governor of Orissa promulgated orissa Forest Produce (Control of Trade) (Amendment and Validation) ordinance 1987 deeming it to have come into force with effect from September 5,1981, when the principal Act was notified in the Gazette, rendering the aforesaid decision ineffective. The petitioners challenged the validity of this ordinance in this Court. Dismissing the writ petitions, this Court, ^HELD: 1. 1. The impugned ordinance is valid and cannot be challenged on any ground. [327B]

3 Types of Errors Involving the Correlative Conjunction Either

3 Types of Errors Involving the Correlative Conjunction Either 3 Types of Errors Involving the Correlative Conjunction â€Å"Either† 3 Types of Errors Involving the Correlative Conjunction â€Å"Either† By Mark Nichol When either and or are employed in a sentence to frame two alternatives, the correlative conjunction either is often misplaced, usually rendering the sentence more or less comprehensible but potentially introducing confusion. For each of the examples below, a discussion explains the problem, and a revision provides a solution. 1. She’s either criticized for being too fat or too thin. In this type of sentence, placing either before a verb that precedes two alternatives implies that the verb applies only to the first alternative and that a corresponding verb will appear before the second one, but that does not occur. To render such a sentence correctly, relocate the correlative conjunction to follow the verb, so that both alternatives can share it: â€Å"She’s criticized for being either too fat or too thin.† 2. Teachers would either be paid extra to supervise the sessions, or nonteaching staff would be employed.† This sentence does not pertain to two choices involving teachers, so the conjunction must precede, rather than follow, the subject so that it applies to the first alternative and or introduces the second one: â€Å"Either teachers would be paid extra to supervise the sessions, or nonteaching staff would be employed.† 3. We have seen many firms in which the manager reported either to the general counsel or a business leader. In this case, the sentence would be correct only if a complementary to preceded the phrase â€Å"a business leader.† Otherwise, transpose either and to so that the alternative phrases can share the single instance of to: â€Å"We have seen many firms in which the manager reported to either the general counsel or a business leader.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherTime Words: Era, Epoch, and EonPeople vs. Persons

Is Small Beautiful The Management Styles of Small Firms Essay

Is Small Beautiful The Management Styles of Small Firms - Essay Example Whatever the reason, small businesses have become a prevalent part of the United Kingdom economy, and consequently, it is important to understand their nature and the way in which they operate. Small firms are more than simply scaled down versions of their larger counterparts, they operate differently, make different decisions and are driven by many factors that do not affect larger firms (Atkinson, 2008). It is often perceived that small businesses have an ideal management structure, which is harmonious, where management and employees work together towards a similar goal. This essay examines what type of management styles are present in small businesses, whether this perception of ‘small is beautiful’ is real, and what influences management of small firms. Not just size alone Many theories and approaches to examining management of small firms assume that there is harmony across the industry. However, small firms are not homogenous with one another; instead they are subject to a range of different factors that influence the way that they operate, their management styles and their success. For example, ownership structures differ between small firms, with the owner being either, self-employed, owner-director, owner controller or a small employer. Because of these variations between small businesses, any consideration of the management styles and methods of control must also consider other factors about the firm, such as structure and agency (Barrett and Rainnie, 2002). ... Even when sections of the industry are taken into account there is still substantial variation in the way that businesses operate and what factors drive them (Ram and Edwards, 2003). For example, some firms focus primarily on profit, while others desire a family business and are not willing to put this in jeopardy even if this would mean increased profits. Likewise, some small firms compete directly with larger ones by producing similar products, while others produce a unique and distinct products do not directly compete with larger firms. Therefore, it is not possible to provide an overall model of the small business industry, or to predict what management styles will be present under different sets of circumstances. A more effective approach is to examine the different management styles that are present in small firms and how these differ from those common in larger firms. It has been argued that the definition of a small firm needs significant work, as the current perception focus es mainly on number of employees and the precise number differs between publications. The problem with this method of defining small firms is that it does not take into account the complexities and variation that is present within the small industry sector. Some authors or publications make use of key business characteristics to determine whether the company is a small business, or a combination of industry and size. An example of this is the suggestion that in the manufacturing industry, a small business is one that has less than 200 employees. One suggestion has been to modify the definition of a small company so that it uses a qualitative

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Project Management - Essay Example Microsoft Project is one of the most widely used tools for Project Management as well as for Work breakdown structure. However, there are other alternate software available as well that could facilitate the project managers in managing the project. This report discusses about the use of alternate Project Management software, Project Libre. Project Libre has been one of the most downloaded project management tools in different countries. The software is used in a number of geographic locations as presented in the image below: (Project Libre a, 2013) With 99,770 downloads of the software, this software was one of the most used project management software (Project Libre a, 2013). Therefore this software has been selected in order to compare against Microsoft Project. Project Libre is alternate software to Microsoft Project. Project Libre can also breakdown the project into smaller tasks just like Microsoft Project. Project Libre has also been awarded "Best of Open Source" or BOSSIE awar d by InfoWorld (Project Libre b, 2013). Thus, this confirms the quality of the software and how helpful the software has been around the world particularly for project managers. This report uses the software Project Libre and then a comparison has been presented using the two tools, Microsoft Project and Project Libre. Evaluation of the techniques used have also been presented in this report for the project Enterprise Rent-A-Car. MICROSOFT PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS USED In order to accomplish the project of ‘Enterprise Rent-A-Car’, the project management team has divided the overall project into following smaller tasks. By dividing the smaller tasks, the project management team can better manage the project and make sure that each of the tasks is handled well. By doing so, it will allow the project management team to make sure that the project is completed within the time. The following table shows the activities that are to be completed for this project of Enterprise Re nt-A-Car along with their duration and their predecessors: No. Task Days Predecessor 1 TM Team Development 1 week 2 E-learning Software Purchase 2 weeks 3 E-learning Courses Design 2 weeks 2 4 Hacks Portal 4 weeks 5 Portal Content Set Up 2 weeks 4 6 Trainer Contract 4 weeks 7 TL Training 16 weeks 6 8 Current Training Evaluation 8 weeks 9 Retraining (Current Staff) 16 weeks 7;8 10 PBL Evaluation 8 weeks 9 11 Training (New Trainees) 26 weeks 7 The above tasks are used on two different software; Microsoft Project and Project Libre. The techniques for both the software are evaluated and discussed. Gantt Chart Using Project Libre and Microsoft Project Gantt chart is used to present the tasks of the project along with the starting date and the ending date of that particular task (Cleland, and Gareis, 2006). Modern Gantt chart has started to include the predecessor as well that shows the dependency of that particular task. This allows the project manager to identify the starting as well as the ending date of each task and thus the project can be analyzed. Both the software Microsoft Project as well as Project Libre allow the users to create the Gantt Chart. Project Libre has a similar style and user experience than Microsoft Project. Both the software when starts show a tabular form along with the space for Gantt Chart. As activities or tasks are added in the tabular form, the Gantt chart starts to fill up. As all the information about the activities are added, the Gantt chart

(Corporate) Product Selection & Strategy Formulation Essay

(Corporate) Product Selection & Strategy Formulation - Essay Example Apple Inc is even enjoying the overwhelming performance in the technology industry is associated with the continuous success and dominance (Abraham 2012). In corporate strategy there are two types of diversification which are: linked and constrained. Companies that use linked diversification enter new business when they are linked with other business they are already operating, if they use constrained diversification, they enter only in new business if it is based on core resources. Apple uses the constrained diversification, Apple is a personal computer company and its business utilizes its core resources in developing the hardware and software such as, iPod, iPad, iPhone, and Apple TV that allows the Apple to share its resources among the business. This even creates the economics of scope, and that create cost savings for Apple Inc., as their resources are shared across all the multiple businesses. Apple follows two strategies which are: Growth Strategy and Stability strategy (Abraham 2012). As the company has not reached to the optimum performance; therefore, there is a requirement for reaching at the optimum performance, this helps the company in expanding its profits, and market share, sales, and market coverage and product mix among the other accounting variables and market. Some of the other strategies utilized for enhancing eth growth include the market penetration enhancement in order to ensure the provision of efficient services. Another growth strategy of the Company is vertical integration, which is an efficient strategy for enhancing the growth, in that Apple Inc., takes activities which are performed by its suppliers or business in its distribution or channel. Diversification strategy is also used by the company in taking effective move for enhancing the growth; in this case the company must use the potential business ventures for enhancing its operations. The

Cryonics: The Transhumanist Technology to Expand Lifespan

Cryonics: The Transhumanist Technology to Expand Lifespan Olivia Ilono Abstract Cryonics is a transhumanist technology that rests on the principle that in the future the lethal diseases that causes most modern deaths would be curable and that the effects of long-term freezing would be reversed. The deceased are contained in low-temperature capsules of liquid nitrogen where they will remain until future technology is able to revive them. Some outstanding discovery has occurred that suggests that aldehyde-stabilised cryopreservation (ASC) is the way forward (especially for neuropreservation-conservation of the brain) although it would take some difficulty adapting this method to human brains. There are many ethical issues surrounding cryonics such as concerns of harming the environment, prohibiting donation of organs, being a tool that is against the belief of God and possible risks in the technology leading to the members (awaiting cryopreservation at death) no waiting for a natural death. Although it is unlikely for the technology to be a success, there are stil l hopes. Introduction In the last few decades, there has been an exponential increase in the development and creation of new technology which leaves many optimistic that one day in the near future the power of revival could be possible. This idea falls under the concept of the transhumanism movement which connects the different branches of the STEM subjects. The main aim of the transhumanism movement is advancing the human lifestyle and body through incorporating modern and future technologies. One important technology involved in this movement is cryonics. Cryonics is preserving human bodies (other wised legally dead) at very low temperatures. This technology rests o[DS1] the principle that in the future that the diseases that caused these deaths would be curable and reversing the affects of freezing would be possible. Overview of subject How Does Cryonics Work? Scientists, that involved in carrying out cryopreservation, state that although the person may be pronounced as legally dead due to their heart no longer carrying out its main function of pumping blood around the body some of the brains cellular functions last shortly after death. When the hopeful is pronounced as legally dead, an emergency team quickly reaches the deceased in order to preserve sufficient function   whilst being taken to the cryopreservation facility the person must be supplied with enough oxygen and blood which is especially necessary for the brain. During transportation, the chemical heparin is injected into the deceased that is stored in ice which stop the blood from clotting. When the decease arrive at the cryonics facility, the team must remove all the water from their cells and restore the unbalance with a cryoprotectant. After this they are then able to place the deceased in a vessel containing liquid nitrogen (at -195à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C) without the cells bursting. In order to preserve the ultrastructure, the organs of the must go through a process of vitrification which involves a placing the body in an area of dry ice so that the body can be chilled. Many scientists that carry out cryopreservation believe that nanotechnology would be able to fix the damage of the brain due to long-term freezing and possibly cure their lethal disease that killed them. Many predict that attempts of unfreezing the cryonauts for revival could happen in the next three decades. Ethics[DS2] As one may expect with a technology that essential revives the dead, there are many ethical constraints against the technology. One argument against the progress of cryonic storage is that it prohibits the deceased from donating their organs. Some may think that they deprive people in hospitals that are on the long waiting list of receiving these vital organs. Although this is a valid argument it doesnt address the fact that many people that are legally dead dont donate their organs even without taking the cryopreservation route. Therefore this argument holds no grounds by which people that opt to be stored under cryonic storage should be scrutinised, as the vast majority of the public which are capable of donating their organs that would definitely be put to no use after their death choose not to donate their organs. In addition, if cryonics will be a success, the revived would require these organs for their later life therefore extending the life span and increasing their quality o f life which are the reasons many of these patients require these organs. Another point against cryonics is that is can cause more harm to the environment than common processes of disposing a dead body. Cryonics requires a vast amount of resources (i.e liquid nitrogen) over the future decades which will not be cheap. However, this rests on the failure of cryonics as if it is successful the cryonaut would be revived rather than disposed of therefore cryopreservation is very different to these methods. If cryonics offers the hope of some day being revived back to life in the distant future, would it be worth suffering pain in this lifetime? This conception is notably the most prevalent ethical issue as it suggests that premature or assisted suicides could be carried out in order to prevent long term suffering from a painful deadly disease as they may view cryonics as a hope or the future. In addition, as collecting and freezing the brain as soon as possible gives rise to higher probability of cryopreservation being successful due to there being less damage to the brain it may be tempting to many to have an early and more organised death in order to increase chances of being revived in the future. This is a very dangerous precaution as the idea that cryonics would be able to bring back the dead is very much conditional and it would be morally wrong to end ones life sooner than anticipated. Whilst discussing morals, it would be wrong not to address the elephant in the room.   It is unquestionable to state that if the cryonics technology does turn out to be successful it may make many question what death means. As the cryonauts would have been legally dead but returned back to life, it clashes with the belief that there is a God and heaven. This therefore would make people less accepting to the concept of God and leaves the question to be asked if it is possible to live forever through the repeated use of this process. However, it may not actually question religious belief as who is s to know if the spirit of the deceased will return as the newly revived may retain the memories of cryonaut but a different soul. It would also leave many to wonder where the spirits of the deceased would have been whilst under storage which would make human kind a step closer into answering one of the 4 fundamental questions of life- What happens when I die?. The Future of Cryonics Scientists of the 21st century medicine have been able to recover a rabbits brain that was placed under cryopreservation with minimal damage to the brain. Through aldehyde-stabilised cryopreservation (ASC) they were able to preserve the neurones and synapses in the brain which led to the researcher being awarded the Small Mammal Brain Preservation prize. The researchers believe that this technology could be implemented in larger brains as through perfusion the chemicals were able to reach and go through the brains of the rabbit and it is thought that this process could easily be carried out in brains as large as the human brain. Furthermore, by turning the brain into a glassy solid matter they were able to maintain the brains ultrastructure after long-term storage. However, the team does express that it is less applicable and effective in human brains as the brain banks would only receive these chemicals hours after death which by then there would have been significant damage to the brain making revival less likely. Nevertheless, there is still optimism in carrying this technique in other parts of the human body. Will cryonics be successful? This is the important question to answer as observed from what has been written so far it is a prominent aspect when discussing the cryonic technology. Kaufman ,a software engineer at Google, was able to quantitatively estimate the success of cryonics by surveying members of the Cambridge LessWrong meetup for their estimates (probabilities) in response to each question he created that would determine if cryonic was possible. Unfortunately, only one member of the meetup had a success rate of more than 50% therefore suggesting that it is a very small chance in cryonics. [DS3]However, Kaufman only surveyed 6 members (including himself) therefore the sample size is insufficient so reliable conclusions cant be made from these results. Furthermore, majority of questions were external factors which the member has no control over, for example, the probability that the cryonics facility that the member chose would become bankrupt and have to close down. This therefore means that there is a de gree of irrationality of each individual member estimating probabilities of events happening as they dont have enough insight to produce a probability. According to Kaufmans results, the average chance of success for cryonics is 7.4% (excluding the anomaly) which lies between Harriss probability of 15% (when optimistic) and 0.23% (when pessimistic) (Harris,1998) . This therefore makes Kaufman results more reliable as the average chance of success is within the range that a physician at Alcor Life Extension Foundation (a cryonic facility) was able to achieve after forming The Warren Equation and inputting probabilities from his insight and knowledge. On the other hand, this raises a concern as it shows in the best of cases it shows that cryonics has a small chance of being successful therefore suggesting that it is more likely to fail than succeed. Research Methodology[DS4] The main form of research used in this paper was secondary research. Many of the resources were accessed from the World Wide Web and qualitative, as well as, quantitative research was able to be collected. Majority of the research that was collected was not fairly recent due to the cryonic facilities still using methods that were used decades before therefore many of the sources were not primarily from the last 2 years. Conclusion[DS5] The main aims of this research paper was to bring forth background knowledge on cryonics and investigate whether it would be possible to use this technology as a means of expanding the human lifespan whilst also discussing the ethical issues concerning the technology as it is very important when evaluating if the technology would be used in the future. Although, it is abundantly clear that the technology will most likely not have the capacity to revive the dead in the near future, there is still a small chance that this technology could be used in the future. There could discover that it is better most efficient to focus on neuropreservation rather than whole-body cryopreservation as the most expressed in this paper the main difficulty lies in preserving the brain whilst also maintaining the owners memories. Even though the odds are against this technology from being successful, there is limit to know what future technology is capable of. References[DS6] Bostron, N. (2003). Transhumanist values. [online] nickbostrom.com Available at:http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html [Accessed 24/08/16] Harris, S. (1989) Will Cryonics work? [online] alcor.org Available at: http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/WillCryonicsWork.html [Accessed 3/09/16] Kaufman, J. (2012) More Cryonics Probability Estimates. [online] jefftk.com/index. Available at:https://www.jefftk.com/p/more-cryonics-probability-estimates [Accessed 26/08/16] Mathewson, S. (2016) Cryogenics: Entire Rabbit Brain Successfully Frozen and Revived For First Time [online] natureworldnews.com Available at: http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/19877/20160211/cryogenics-entire-rabbit-brain-successfully-frozen-revived-first-time.htm [Accessed 24/08/16] Shaw, D. (2009). Cryoethics: seeking life after death. Bioethics,[online] Volume 23(9), p.515-521. Available at: http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/18452/1/18452.pdf [Accessed 24/08/16] Van Riper, A. (2002). Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide City Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, p.35 Watson, S. (2005). How Cryonics Works. [online] HowStuffWorks.com. Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/cryonics.htm [Accessed 26/08/16]

Causes Of World War One :: World War I, WWI

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many things led up to the start of World War I. There was much tension between the countries of Europe for more than fifty years. There were immediate causes, and long-term causes. Some immediate causes were the assassination of the heir of Austria-Hungry, Germany declaring war on Russia, Germany declaring war on France, and Great Britain declaring war on Germany. Some long-term causes or basic causes were imperialism, nationalism, and the arms race. The assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand, who was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was probably the last step on the long road to war. A Serbian patriot murdered Ferdinand in Sarajevo, on June 28 1914. The murder angered Austria-Hungary, leading them to declare war on Serbia. At the same time, Russia gets ready to attack Austria-Hungary as it mobilizes it army at the border. In Europe, there were two powers. The Allied Power were England, France, Russia, and later the U.S. The Central Power was the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. When Kaiser William II of Germany became cocky and let the treaty between Germany and Russia became invalid, and then Williams declared war unto Russia. France then gets ready to fight Germany as they declare war on them by marching through neutral Belgium. As Germany declares war unto France and Russia, Great Britain declares war on Germany as they go through Belgium. Basic causes included imperialism. Imperialism is a country wanting to take over the world and be the most powerful. The need for raw materials and new markets Europe starts to take over land in Africa, China, India, and Middle East. The fight for obtaining the most land results in European countries fighting over who gets what land. Another factor was nationalism. Nationalism is the love for ones country and feeling your part of the country. It results in each country claiming that they are the best. The Arms Race is another contributing factor to the war. Due to conflicts over land, countries start to prepare for and build up their armies. In conclusion, World War I occurs because of many unresolved factors.

Chronic disease managment Essay

What is self-management? Self-care management is defined as the behaviour employed by an individual in managing and implementing the treatment regimen within the individual’s lifestyle routine and it recognizes an individual’s central role in managing chronic diseases (Costantini et al. , 2008). In sum, self-management is to help individuals collaborate with health care professionals to help themselves, by using strategies and proper interventions, to bring self-care into daily routine to help managing chronic diseases and to promote quality of life. How will you promote self-efficacy and autonomy for your clients in your practice? Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects almost every aspect of patient’s life, both physical and emotional. According to Mok (2011, p12), several strategies identified in helping patients with CKD to improve nutritional adherence. These strategies fall into three categories: patient education, behaviour modification and organizational changes. These strategies also applicable in other treatment in CKD. According to Barbra (2011,p183), when patients’ disease deteriorate or towards terminal states, strategies of ending self-management and back to medical or comfort care were also mentioned. Nurses can apply these strategies by nursing interventions to help promote patients self-efficacy and autonomy. First, patient education strategies. Nurses should assess patients’ need and their knowledge and literacy level before providing education. These assessment should make sure patients are ready to accept the changes and the education received can be fully understood. Usually when patients are knowledgeable in their own condition, their self-efficacy and autonomy will be greatly improved. In addition, education should also be provided to caregivers because a lot of patients with CKD depend on caregivers in ADLs. During assessment and education process, nurses should be aware of using good communication skills, interviewing skills and make sure accurate information and related resources are provided to patients and caregivers. Second, behaviour modification strategies. According to Mok (2011, p12), several techniques can be used in behaviour modification such as reminders, self-monitoring, and positive reinforcement. Nurses can combine effective behavioral, psychosocial strategies such as periodical reminder by using telephone, email, regular appointment or face to face interaction. Nurses should advocate patients for regular follow up to make sure patients adherence to treatment. No patient is alone in chronic disease treatment, nurses should collaborate with patients’ family members and caregivers to help maintain compliance. In addition, nurses can assist patients in using self-monitoring techniques such as blood pressure monitoring, diaries, logs, personal health records to help track their health condition. Third, organizational changes. According to Mok (2011, p13), nurses can collaborate with other health care professionals such as dietitians and physicians to enhance compliance. Nurses can directly help patients in developing dietary plan and improve patients’ satisfactory, in turn, promote treatment adherence. Lastly, according to Barbra (2011, p183), when patient unable to perform self-care, giving up self-management and return to professional medical care should be acknowledged. Nurses should educate and assess patients’ and caregivers’ capability of performing self-management, making sure they are knowledgeable of serious symptoms and capable of seeking help when needed. What are indicators of successful self-management in patients with CKD? According to Mok (2011, p12), several factors may affect successful treatment such as lack of knowledge, hectic lifestyle, lack of decision making in own dietary outcomes and dissatisfactory of dietary prescription. First, knowledge deficit will make patients unable to choose proper food or make necessary adjustments, in turn, leads to failure in self-care management. Therefore, patients education, knowledge and ample resources provision are indicators of successful self-management. Second, hectic lifestyle such as fast-paced lifestyle or elderly depend on others are often unable to adherence to the prescribed regimen. Therefore, lifestyle modification, caregivers’ capability and support are also indicators of successful self-management. Third, lack of decision making of own dietary outcome due to depend on caregivers instead of patients might influence successful self-management. Fourth, dissatisfaction of prescribed renal diet will affect patients’ adherence. Therefore, patient readiness to change, communication skills, assessment tools and psychosocial support are also indicators of successful self-management. In sum, indicators of successful self-management involves every aspect of disease process and treatment. In nurses’ and patients’ perspective, nurses’ communication skills, interviewing skills, collaboration capability, staff training, patients’ readiness, patients’ emotional support, patients’ knowledge, problem solving techniques, etc are all indicators of successful self-management.

Beh 225 Final Project Essay Example

Beh 225 Final Project Essay Example Beh 225 Final Project Essay Beh 225 Final Project Essay Profile Report Final Project By Beth Lowery BEH 225 The person that I chose to interview for my profile report is my sister’s boyfriend Dan, he is 31 years old. I had him take the personality test first (Myers Briggs). I asked him if he had ever taken the Myers Briggs test before or any other personality tests and his response was no. It took him approximately 30 minutes to complete the test. His results were ESTJ, Extroverted 70%, Sensing 53. 13%, Thinking 55. 26%, and Judging 61. 29%. ESTJ is categorized as â€Å"administrator†, much in touch with the external environment and very responsible. I found more information on what ESTJ really means on the personality page web site and printed them out and gave them to Dan to further understand his results. On the website he was categorized as â€Å"The Guardian†. Here is a part from the ESTJ portrait: As an ESTJ, your primary mode of living is focused externally, where you deal with things rationally and logically. Your five senses in a literal, concrete fashion. ESTJ’s live in a world of facts and concrete needs. They live in the present, with their eye constantly scanning their personal environment to make that everything is running smoothly and systematically. They honor traditions and laws, and have a clear set of standards and beliefs. They expect the same of others, and have no patience or understanding of individuals who do not value these systems. They value competence and efficiency, and like to quick results for their efforts. ESTJ’s are take-charge people. They have a clear vision of the way that things should be, that they naturally step into leadership roles. They are self-confident and aggressive. They are extremely talented at devising systems and plans for action, and at being able to see what steps need to be taken to complete a specific task. They can sometimes be very demanding and critical, because they have such strongly held beliefs, and are likely to express themselves without reserve if they feel that someone isn’t meeting their standards. But at least their expressions can be taken at face-value, because the ESTJ is extremely straight-forward and honest (personalitypage). I asked Dan if he felt that his results were accurate. He said some of it he felt was accurate and some things were accurate. He said some of the accurate things that stuck out were that he likes taking charge and being involved in leadership roles. Then I asked him what experiences do you feel contributed most in the development of you personality? He seemed confused by the question and I had to repeat it a couple times. His best response that he could give me is that he grew up in a dysfunctional home. I did not ask any further questions pertaining to that answer because it was not important to this paper. In my results for the Myers Briggs test was ISFJ. I believe that this online test was not a very good one. I do not think that it would give very accurate results. The questions are not detailed enough and I think that the results in this test are assumptions. My results ISFJ stand for introverted, sensing, feeling, and judging. And I was categorized as â€Å"conservator†, desires to be of service and to minister to individual needs, and very loyal. I could say that I somewhat agree to my results. I believe that I like to help out people when they are in need when I can and I feel that I am loyal. In comparison with Dan results my highest percentage trait was introverted and Dan’s was extroverted. Then I asked Dan about his learning and memory process. I asked if he remembered information more accurately if he observes the behavior being performed, or does he prefer to read how the behavior is performed, and he was quick to respond that he likes to observe the behavior. Then I asked Dan if he prefers studying in a library, or at home where there are background noises and some distractions. This question turned out to be a humorous moment. I asked the question as I was waiting for a response he was into whatever was on the television and did not get a response. I had to get his attention again and re asks the question. I was pretty sure on what his response would be, he answered that he prefers to study in a library. My answers to these two questions would be that I prefer to observe behaviors rather than read them and I prefer to study in a quiet place like a library. I then asked Dan if he felt that he is self-monitoring in regards to his attitudes. Some of these questions seemed hard for him to answer. His response was that yes he thinks about what he says and thinks about his actions before acting upon them. I thought that it was a great answer. I was thinking about how I would respond and I thought I do the same thing as Dan’s answer. I think about what I am going to say before I do and think about my actions before I do them. Then I asked Dan what do you feel was the strongest influence on his attitudes. His response was that his environment heavily influences his attitudes, which is the same in my answer. I asked Dan what role do you feel that a person’s race, gender, ethnicity play when forming your personality and attitudes, he said that his attitude depends on the situation, the other person’s attitude and how they carry themselves. Race, gender, or ethnicity does not make a difference it’s their actions that make the difference, which I totally agree. I asked Dan if he feels that he is better at tasks when intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated. I had to explain the difference between intrinsically and extrinsically. His response was extrinsically, he feels that if he is offered incentives that he would perform the task more efficiently. I would have to agree if I was offered a raise or a bonus to complete a task rather than a â€Å"good job† I would perform the job better than an intrinsic motivation. In conclusion to this interview and its questions, I found that in the Myers Briggs test that Dan’s top percentage trait and my top percentage trait were different. Dan’s highest percentage trait was extroverted and mine was introverted. So I did some research to find the differences between the two. Extroverted people are in the more outgoing group of people. They are the â€Å"social butterflies† of our society. They are the ones who are more apt to greet people and just join into the group that has already formed. An extrovert loves to be around other people. In fact, they often thrive on it. Extroverts are also more likely to immerse themselves into the more fast paced jobs and other aspects of society. Slower jobs that take a long time to complete frustrate these types of people. They do not possess the patience to complete these tasks efficiently. They like a variety in their work with lots of change and lots of action. They do not mind being interrupted from their tasks by things such as a telephone call. Extroverts like to see the results of their jobs and enjoy seeing how other people do the same job. They are quick workers, but dislike jobs that are complicated. Extroverts are also very good communicators especially verbally. With this there are also some downfalls, though. They often will act or speak quickly without thinking. This can sometimes be a dangerous thing often getting them into trouble. They also learn how to do things much better through their verbal communication and hands-on learning. Introverts are the exact opposites of extroverts in many ways. They are the shyer, quieter people of the world. They often have trouble remembering names and/or faces of people they have met. They prefer to work alone lost in their own thought rather than working with other people on a project. Introverts are often seen as the â€Å"loners† of society. Introverts enjoy working on jobs that require a lot of thinking and that take long periods of time to complete. They are very detail oriented and think everything through thoroughly rather than making quick judgments about something. An introvert does not mind working on a single project for a long period of time and prefers to do so without any interruptions. They like for things to be quiet to aid in their concentration. They are also interested in the idea behind their job rather than how to do it. Introverted people are better communicators through writing and other non-verbal techniques. They like to take the time to think before they speak and act and writing gives them the time that they need. Introverts sometimes have trouble getting their ideas across to others effectively. They find it easier to learn things through reading about it rather than experiencing it. No matter which of these categories a person falls under, it is not a set stereotype. Many people carry attributes from both categories with varying degrees. A person labeled as one or the other does not need to hold true to the stereotype. Everyone is different. These are only the extremes on a wide spectrum of personality types and should be coupled with other factors to create a more accurate personality analysis (essortment). I felt that these differences between the two of are seen and noticed by our own observations of ourselves. I think that it was good that I found someone to interview that has different traits than I. References 2006. Retrieved November 12, 2009 from personalitypage. com/ESTJ. html Turtenwald,G. 2002. Retrieved November 14, 2009 from essortment. com/lifestyle/personalitytips_sbzd. htm

Restless Leg Syndrome essays

Restless Leg Syndrome essays Imagine not being able to sleep through the night, being tired in the morning, going to a ton of doctors, and not getting any answers for years. About 12 million Americans go through this all the time, what they have is restless legs syndrome. What this is a creepy, unnerving, tugging, and crawling sensation in your legs. Some ways to relieve yourself of such pain is to walk around, massage your limbs, or to take a bath. Many people who have this syndrome have parents or siblings that have the same thing. The average age of people who suffer from this is 50-60 years old. There have been no medical studies that show what causes this but what experts are saying though, is that it is associated with kidney failure and anemia. There are also sleeping disorders that branch off of RLS, an example being PLMS or periodic limb movements With RLS it's hard to fall asleep, and if you do, you awake with pain in your legs. Your sleepy all day, and most likely irritable, as well as your bed partner who was kicked through the night. Many pregnant women develop RLS, and for many it disappears, but some are not so lucky. If you have RLS you may find that you also consume a sufficient amount of caffeine. Reducing sodas and coffee, could reduce RLS symptoms. There could be causes for certain cases of RLS. Having an iron deficiency, being pregnant, caffeine, or sitting down for long periods of time. For the most part though, doctors can't put an exact reason for it. . Having a good diet, an exercise plan, and regular sleeping habits, could all tribute to either avoiding RLS or diminishing it. Painkillers, and tranquilizers could help the severe cases. ...

Beowulf and Roland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Beowulf and Roland - Essay Example Beowulf protects the united community of man and does not allow the division and emptiness that are born from the soul of the vile beast Grendel to ravage the halls of Heorot any longer. Resisting Grendel’s savage attack on human solidarity, Beowulf takes up the defense of Heorot and the case of every nation whose name was so poignantly placed upon the high walls of this great hall of men. (Young 2006) The defense of Heorot was successful. Beowulf has fought tremendous battles before. He understood what fighting and death consisted of. This might have had an impression on Beowulf as he went to face the dragon. Oliver counsels Roland to blow his oliphant horn, to call back Charlemagnes main force, but Roland refuses. The Franks fight valiantly, but in the end they are killed to the man. Roland blows his oliphant so that Charlemagne will return and avenge them. (Borey 2006) Another aspect concerning the attitudes of Beowulf and Roland is the reason behind the last battles. Beowulf had to fight a dragon that was going to destroy his kingdom. This evil would not stop unless Beowulf stopped it. The dragon